Novel gene-hunting method implicates new culprit in pancreatic cancer

Researchers develop rapid screening technique; find gene defends tumors from DNA damage

MD Anderson News Release June 23, 2016

Using an innovative approach to identify a cancer’s genetic vulnerabilities by more swiftly analyzing human tumors transplanted into mice, researchers have identified a new potential target for pancreatic cancer treatment, published online in Cell Reports.

The team, led by scientists at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, found the gene WDR5 protects pancreatic tumors from DNA damage, working with the previously known cancer-promoting gene called Myc to help tumors thrive.

“The WDR5-Myc connection is essential for the pancreatic cancer cells to proliferate,” said study co-first author Alessandro Carugo, Ph.D., institute research scientist at MD Anderson’s Institute for Applied Cancer Science (IACS).

Their discovery is a demonstration project for technology currently established at MD Anderson’s Center for Co-Clinical Trials to evaluate gene function in a more realistic, living model of human cancers.

“This new technology allows us to more rapidly identify genetic drivers that maintain a tumor and thus potentially find new ways to treat it,” said Giulio Draetta, M.D., Ph.D., director of IACS and professor of Genomic Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Oncology.

Functional genetic screening can be conducted in cancer cell lines in the lab, Carugo notes, but cell lines do not represent the challenging genomic complexity of an actual tumor.

Researchers have been taking bits of tumor surgically removed from patients, transplanting them in mice, and using them to discover new avenues for treating the comparable human tumors.

These human tumors in mice, called patient-derived xenografts (PDX), have not been subject to large-scale functional genetic screening like cell lines are, Carugo said. “What’s really different here is that we are applying functional screening on patient-derived xenografts.”

PILOT provides faster screening

The team’s method is called Patient-Based in Vivo Lethality to Optimize Treatment (PILOT).  It allows for the analysis of hundreds of tumor genes using only a few mice. 

PILOT technology is being applied in MD Anderson’s Moon Shots Program, which is designed to reduce cancer deaths by more rapidly developing new treatments, early detection methods and prevention programs based on scientific discoveries.  The technology is being used to analyze PDXs in pancreatic, lung, colorectal and head and neck cancers.  CCCT and IACS are platforms for the Moon Shots Program.

Typically, researchers take a PDX, expand the tissue, transplant it in 30 or more mice, and then test one drug compound against the tumor in each mouse. 

“With PILOT, instead of expanding the sample to challenge it with different drugs one at a time in many mice, we apply many more tests to a few mice to identify genomic drivers,” Carugo said.

Step by step to find new targets

The researchers take a sample of the patient’s primary tumor and test its capacity for efficiently engrafting in the mouse. They do this, Carugo explained, by applying a tracking library of lentivirally delivered molecular “barcodes” to the sample to assess the frequency of tumor-initiating cells.

“This gives us a fast readout of engraftment efficacy on a case-by-case basis,” Carugo said. The alternative would be to infect a number of mice with different numbers of tumor cells to find a minimum number that causes a tumor to develop -- a more cumbersome process.

Engrafting efficiency findings guide the next step, the application of a library of short hairpin RNAs, known to turn off specific genes, to the sample. Analyzing depletion of the shRNAs in the tumor implicates specific genes.

Cells from the human tumor are then engrafted in the mouse, and once the tumor develops, the shRNA library is applied at the dose established in the sample.

The team chose an shRNA library that connects with genes involved in epigenetic processes, specifically genes that regulate chromatin – the mix of genes and histone proteins that make up chromosomes.  Chromatin regulation affects gene transcription and activation.

Genetic lesions in chromatin regulators have been identified in a number of cancers and, the researchers note, are a hallmark of pancreatic cancer.

They applied the shRNA library, detecting the top 15 to 30 percent of depleted shRNAs, and then used multiple methods to evaluate their “hits.”

WDR5 emerges as robust “hit”

WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5), a core part of the COMPASS complex regulating chromatin function, was implicated in multiple screens. Recent research by others had shown WDR5 to be upregulated in prostate and bladder cancers and critical for cancer cell proliferation.

The team confirmed WDR5 was highly expressed in pancreatic cancer compared to normal pancreas  tissue and then conducted a series of experiments which showed knocking down the gene  impaired cell proliferation and tumor growth and greatly increased survival in mice.

Subsequent experiments showed WDR5 works in concert with Myc to protect pancreatic cancer from DNA damage.  There is no known method for targeting either WDR5 or Myc separately, Carugo said, but the team thinks there might be ways to block their interaction.

While the team targeted epigenetic regulators, Carugo noted the technique can be used with other shRNA libraries aimed at different classes of genes.

This technology is being widely adopted by MD Anderson’s moon shot teams to identify genetic vulnerabilities and cancer targets specific to various disease subtypes.

Co-authors with Carugo and Draetta include co-first authors Giannicola Genovese, M.D., of Genomic Medicine, and Sahil Seth of the Institute for Applied Cancer Science.  Other MD Anderson co-authors are Luigi Nezi, Ph.D., Johnathon Rose, Andrea Viale, M.D., Piergiorgio Pettazzoni, Ph.D., Kadir Akdemir, Ph.D., Frederick Robinson, James Tepper, Nora Sanchez,  Ph.D., Wantong Yao, Ph.D., Maria Emilia Di Francesco, Ph.D., Tessa Green, Denise Corti, Ph.D., and Lynda Chin, M.D., all of Genomic Medicine;  Parantu Shah, Ph.D., Christopher Bristow, Ph.D., Virginia Giuliani, Ph.D., and Philip Jones, Ph.D., all of IACS;  Sonal Gupta, Ph.D., and Anirban Maitra, M.B.B.S., of the Sheikh Ahmed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research; Ya’an Kang, M.D., Ph.D., and Jason Fleming, M.D., of Surgical Oncology, Marcos Estecio, Ph.D., of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis; Huamin Wang, M.D., Ph.D., of Pathology and Ronald DePinho, M.D., of Cancer Biology;  Daniela Bossi, Ph.D., Angelo Cicalese, Ph.D., Gaetano Dellino, Ph.D.,  Carolina D’Alesio, Pier Pelicci, M.D., Ph.D., and Luisa Lanfrancone, Ph.D., of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy;  Laura Riva, Ph.D.,  of the Center for Genomic  Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan; and Timothy Heffernan, Ph.D., C-4 Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA. 

Research was funded by grants from the American Association for Cancer Research, the Sheikh Ahmed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Center for Pancreatic Cancer and the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research.