PARP inhibitor improves overall response rates in small cell lung cancer patients

Novel biomarker identified those with improved progression-free and overall survival, MD Anderson study finds

MD Anderson News Release June 11, 2018

In a randomized, Phase II trial led by researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center adding the PARP inhibitor veliparib to a standard chemotherapy agent improved overall response rates (ORR) in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Researchers also identified a select group of patients – those whose tumors expressed SLFN11— who also saw a progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) benefit, suggesting a promising biomarker for the PARP-inhibitor sensitivity in SCLC.

The study was published in Journal of Clinical Oncology. Ongoing follow-up studies are underway to confirm the results, which could result in the first new therapeutic option for this rare and aggressive lung cancer in more than three decades, said Lauren Averett Byers, M.D., associate professor of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology. 

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 234,000 people will be diagnosed with lung cancer and 154,050 will die from the disease in 2018, making it the leading cause of cancer death. SCLC primarily is associated with smoking and accounts for about 10 to 15 percent of all lung cancers. While recent advances in immunotherapy and targeted agents have begun to offer hope for those with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), patients with SCLC have not experienced the same degree of clinical advances benefit.

“Currently, the survival for most small cell lung cancer patients is less than a year – it’s the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., independent of non-small cell lung cancer,” said Byers, the study’s corresponding author. “We currently have no approved targeted therapies, no biomarkers. Patients desperately need new treatment options. However, I think we are on the cusp of changing the outlook for our patients.”

PARP as a therapeutic target in SCLC was discovered by Byers during her fellowship at MD Anderson while working in the lab of John Heymach, M.D., Ph.D., professor and chair, Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, also and author on this study. In 2012, Byers and Heymach published a milestone paper reporting the target, which generated great clinical interest. This clinical trial is the first randomized study published as a result of that first study.

PARP inhibitors block a DNA repair pathway; the class of inhibitors currently are approved for the treatment of BRCA-mutated metastatic breast and ovarian cancers. 

“As important as discovering PARP’s target, our study has found a biomarker determining which small cell lung cancer patients will benefit from the therapy,” said Byers. “Currently, there are no biomarkers for the management of this disease. To be able to select patients for the appropriate treatment would significantly change the care we are able to offer.”  

For the Phase II study, Byers and her colleagues enrolled 104 patients with relapsed SCLC from seven centers across the country. Between 2012 and 2015, patients were randomized to receive either veliparib or placebo twice daily, with a standard chemotherapy regimen temozolomide (TMZ) ― all oral agents. 

Byers noted that many trial participants had advanced disease with brain metastasis and/or had failed standard chemotherapy.

PFS at four months was the primary endpoint, with ORR, OS, and safety and tolerability of veliparib with TMZ as secondary endpoints. Response was determined by imaging at weeks four and eight, followed by every eight weeks thereafter.

Toxicities associated with the PARP therapy include blood count deficiencies, but treatment generally was well tolerated, said Byers.

At four months, researchers found that, in an unselected population, the study did not reach a statistically significant difference in PFS between the TMZ/veliparib cohort, 36 percent, and TMZ/placebo cohort, 27 percent. In the two groups, the median OS also was similar at 8.2 months and 7 months respectively.

However, the ORR, defined as percentage of patients with tumor shrinkage, almost was three times higher in the TMZ/veliparib cohort compared to the TMZ/placebo cohort, 39 percent vs. 14 percent, a statistically significant difference.

As part of this trial, researchers also investigated candidate biomarkers that might predict response to PARP inhibitors in SCLC. These included expression of PARP1 and the protein called SLFN11, which previously had shown to confer sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in the laboratory by Byers and other groups. 

In those patients whose tumors expressed the elevated levels of SLFN11, treatment with TMZ/veliparib resulted in significantly prolonged PFS, 5.7 vs. 3.6 months, and OS, 12.2 vs. 7.5 months. This is the first study to investigate SLFN11 as a predictive biomarker in the clinical setting.

“My hope is that the PARP inhibitors one day will serve as the first targeted therapy to benefit small cell lung cancer patients,” said Byers. “Now, with the discovery of the biomarker, we have a way to determine which patients potentially could garner the most benefit.”  

Based on these results, studies are ongoing to explore PARP inhibitors in the frontline treatment setting. Byers also is testing veliparib at a higher dose in combination with TMZ in a randomized trial, also in the frontline setting. Byers also has a grant from the National Institutes of Health to study whether PARP inhibitors, combined with immunotherapies, improve responses in SCLC. 

The preclinical research for this study was supported by the Lung Cancer Moon Shot™, part ofMD Anderson’s Moon Shots Program™, a collaborative effort to accelerate the development of scientific discoveries into clinical advances that save patients’ lives. The research also was supported by: the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program at the National Cancer Institute (NCI; U10 CA180858); National Institutes of Health (NIH)/NCI Grants, CCSG P30-CA008748 and NIH/NCI CCSG P30-CA016672; NIH/NCI award No. 1-R01-CA207295; and The LUNGevity Foundation.

In addition to Byers and Heymach, other MD Anderson authors on the national study include: Robert Cardnell, Ph.D., Eric Sulman, M.D., Ph.D., Ignacio Wistuba, M.D., Patricia de Groot, M.D., Junya Fujimoto, Ph.D., Jing Wang, Ph.D., Lixia Diao, and Lihong Long. Additional authors include: M. Catherine Pietanza, M.D., Lee M. Krug, M.D., Mark G. Kris, M.D., Charles M. Rudin, M.D., Ph.D., Kaitlin M. Woo, Yevgeniya Bensman, Martin Fleisher, Ph.D. and Brenda Hurtado all of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College; Saiama N. Waqar, MBBS, Washington University School of Medicine; Afshin Dowlati, M.D., Case Western Reserve University and University Hospital, Seidman Cancer Center; Christine L. Hann, M.D., Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University; Alberto Chiappori, M.D., H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center; Taofeek K. Owonikoko, M.D., Ph.D., Emory University and Alice Chen of the National Cancer Institute.